Blogs

Graph Theory definitions:

February 24, 2021

Directed Graphs: The Power of Arrows Directed graphs, fundamental in mathematics and computer science, are like maps with one-way streets. Unlike regular graphs with two-way connections, directed graphs use arrows to show the flow of information or connections. This makes them ideal for representing situations where order or direction matters. Weak Connections: Not a Dead […]

Digital System Power, Dual Voltage Processor

February 23, 2021

A dual-voltage CPU uses a split-rail design so the processor core can use a lower voltage, while the external Input/Output (I/O) voltages remain at 3.3 volts for backwards compatibility. A single-voltage CPU uses a single power voltage throughout the chip, supplying both I/O power and internal power. As of 2002 Microprocessor#Market statistics, most CPUs are single-voltage CPUs. All[citation needed]CPUs before the Pentium MMX are single-voltage CPUs. Dual-voltage CPUs were introduced for performance gain when […]

Control Flow, or Task Graph traversal; concurrent programming:

February 22, 2021

Task graphs are rooted digraphs used in computer science as a representation of the paths that might be traversed in a program during its execution. Some implementations utilize concurrent programming; the core concept is the encapsulation of concurrent threads of execution, such that the encompassing kernel, user threads, or processes; with control flow constructs that have clear entry and exit […]

Directed Graph (no loops) vs. Acyclic Directed Graph (w/loops)

February 20, 2021

• Symmetric directed graphs are directed graphs where all edges are bi-directional. This means, for every arrow that belongs to the digraph, the corresponding inverse arrow also belongs to it. • Simple directed graphs are directed graphs that have no loops, arrows that directly connect vertices to themselves, and no multiple arrows with same source and target nodes. As already introduced, in case of […]

Digital System Power, Processor Performance analysis and benchmarking

February 19, 2021

Understanding Processor Performance: Power Efficiency Matters When designing computer systems, processor performance isn’t just about raw speed. For many systems, efficiency is king. System designers, especially those creating large-scale computer systems like Google, prioritize CPUs that deliver the most processing power while consuming the least amount of energy. This is because, over time, the cost […]

Simple Directed Graph Example:

February 18, 2021

In formal terms, a directed graph is an ordered pair G = (V, A) where • V is a set whose elements are called vertices, nodes, or points; • A is a set of ordered pairs of vertices, called arrows, directed edges (sometimes simply edges with the corresponding set named E instead of A), directed arcs, or directed lines. It differs from an ordinary or undirected graph, in that the latter is defined in terms of unordered pairs of vertices, which are usually called edges, […]

Directed Acyclic Graph or Task Graph Reduction, Simplification

February 17, 2021

Reachability and DAG Reduction Example: The reachability relationship in any directed acyclic graph can be formalized as a partial order ≤ on the vertices of the DAG. In this partial order, two vertices u and v are ordered as u ≤ v exactly when there exists a directed path from u to v in the DAG; that is, when v is reachable from u. However, different DAGs may give rise to the same reachability relation and the same partial order. For example, the […]

Digital System Power & Processor Power Considerations

February 16, 2021

Configurable TDP: Configurable TDP (cTDP), also known as programmable TDP or TDP power cap, is an operating mode of later generations of Intel mobile processors, as of January 2014, and AMD processors, as of June 2012, that allows adjustments to their TDP values. By modifying the processor behavior and its performance levels, power consumption of a processor can be changed by altering its TDP at the […]

Directed Acyclic Graph or Task Graph

February 15, 2021

DAG One Way Example; note no return to prior state a,b,c,d: A graph is formed by vertices and by edges connecting pairs of vertices, where the vertices can be any kind of object that is connected in pairs by edges. In the case of a directed graph, each edge has an orientation, from one vertex to another vertex. A path in a directed graph is a sequence of […]

Digital System Power, Processor Power Considerations

February 13, 2021

Power consumption can be reduced in several ways, including the following: • Voltage reduction – dual-voltage CPUs, dynamic voltage scaling, under-voltage, etc. • Frequency reduction – under-clocking, dynamic frequency-scaling, etc. • Capacitance reduction – increasingly integrated circuits that replace PCB traces between two chips with relatively lower-capacitance on-chip metal interconnect between two sections of a single integrated chip; low-k dielectric, etc. • Power gating techniques such as clock […]

Digital System Power, Thermal Design Power

February 12, 2021

Thermal design power (TDP), sometimes called thermal design point, is the maximum amount of heat generated by a computer chip or component (often a CPU, GPU or system on a chip) that the cooling system in a computer is designed to dissipate under any workload. The TDP is typically not the largest amount of heat the CPU could ever generate (peak power), such as by running a power virus, but rather the […]

Digital System Power Management ICs

February 11, 2021

The term PMIC refers to a class of integrated circuits that perform various functions related to power requirements. A PMIC may have one or more of the following functions: • DC to DC conversion • Battery charging • Power-source selection • Voltage scaling • Power sequencing A PMIC may include battery management, voltage regulation, and charging functions. It may […]

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